4. Industrial ecology
1. Introduction
2. The Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
3. Ecological economics
4. Industrial ecology
4.1. Introduction
4.2. What is industrial ecology?
4.2.1. Definitions and goals
4.2.2. Industrial ecology and products
4.3. Theoretical foundations of industrial ecology
4.3.1. Elementary principles
4.3.2. Resilience and efficiency
4.3.3. The concept of waste
4.3.4. Companies and organisms, economy and ecosystem
4.3.5. Diversity and interconnectedness
4.3.6. Information and communication
4.3.7. Other issues
4.4. Applications of industrial ecology
4.4.1. Industrial metabolism
4.4.2. Pollution prevention, cleaner production and organizational design
4.4.3. Sustainable product chain management
4.4.4. Eco-industrial parks
4.4.5. Similar concepts – a critical review
4.5. Industrial ecology as part of ecological economics
4.5.1. Theory
4.5.2. Practice
4.6. Summary and conclusions
5. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) and eco-design
6. Input-output analysis
7. Policy analysis illustrated with case studies
8. Conclusions